ENDOCRINOLOGIST GDANSK

Thyroid diseases – causes, symptoms and treatment

The thyroid gland is a small but extremely important gland in the body, responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism. Thyroid diseases can lead to serious disorders in the functioning of the body. They are often difficult to detect at an early stage, and their symptoms can be confused with other conditions. At Mediss Medical Clinic in Gdańsk Wrzeszcz, we offer comprehensive diagnostics and treatment of thyroid diseases, tailored to the individual needs of patients.

What are the types of thyroid disease?

Thyroid diseases can be divided into several main categories:

1. Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism) – A condition in which the thyroid gland produces too little hormone. It manifests itself as fatigue, weight gain, dry skin and a feeling of cold.
2. Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) – The opposite of hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland produces too many hormones, leading to weight loss, excessive sweating, irritability, and increased heart rate.
3. Hashimoto’s disease – Autoimmune thyroiditis leading to hypothyroidism. It often develops slowly and can be asymptomatic for a long time.
4. Graves’ disease – An autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism, often with characteristic exophthalmos.
5. Nodular goiter – Changes in the thyroid gland in the form of nodules that can be inert or toxic, causing different symptoms depending on their nature.
6. Thyroiditis – It can vary in nature, from acute bacterial infections to chronic inflammation, it is often manifested by an enlargement of the gland, sometimes accompanied by soreness in the neck and jaw and with frequent disturbances in the concentration of thyroid hormones  in the blood serum.
7. Thyroid cancer – Thyroid cancer accounts for about 1% of all human malignant tumors. It is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine glands. According to statistics, thyroid cancer is significantly more common in women than in men (about 4 times) and mainly affects adults. Only 20% of cases concern people up to 30 years of age. According to the statistics  of the National Cancer Registry, about 2,000 new cases of thyroid cancer are reported annually in Poland, and over the last two decades the number of new cases of thyroid cancer has increased significantly.

Are thyroid diseases hereditary? Where do they come from?

Thyroid diseases can be genetic, which means that they can be inherited in families. If someone in the family suffers from thyroid disease, the risk of such disorders in other family members increases. In particular, Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease have a strong autoimmune background, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

However, it is not only genes that have an impact on the development of thyroid disease. Other factors, such as stress, viral infections, iodine deficiency, and exposure to environmental toxins, can also contribute to thyroid disorders. These diseases can develop as a result of interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

The incidence of thyroid disease increases in women, especially after the age of 40, but it can occur in any age group and in both sexes. At Mediss Medical Clinic in Gdańsk Wrzeszcz, we offer a wide range of diagnostic tests that help identify the causes of thyroid disorders and implement appropriate treatment.

Thyroid disease in women

Women are more likely to suffer from thyroid disease than men, especially during periods of hormonal changes such as pregnancy, menopause, or after childbirth. Symptoms can include changes in the menstrual cycle, fertility problems, as well as mood disorders.

Thyroid disease in men

Although thyroid disease is less common in men, it can also lead to serious health problems such as erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, or mood changes. Hypothyroidism can also cause increased sensitivity to cold and weight problems.

Thyroid diseases in children

Thyroid diseases can also occur in children, affecting their physical and mental development. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term health outcomes, such as developmental delays and learning problems.

Thyroid diseases and pregnancy

Thyroid disease in pregnancy can lead to complications for both mother and baby. Hyperthyroidism can cause hypertension, premature birth or heart problems in the newborn, while hypothyroidism can lead to low birth weight or problems with the development of the baby’s brain.

The first symptoms of thyroid disease

Thyroid disease can manifest itself in a variety of symptoms that are often subtle and easy to overlook. One of the first signs may be sudden changes in weight – both its increase and decrease, not related to a change in diet or lifestyle. Fatigue that does not go away despite rest is another common symptom. Other early symptoms include changes in mood, such as irritability, depression, or anxiety, which may appear for no apparent reason.

Early symptoms also include skin and hair lesions. The skin can become dry, rough, or overly sensitive, and the hair can become brittle, thinning, and even start to fall out. Changes in the menstrual cycle in women, fertility problems, and decreased libido in men can also indicate thyroid disorders.

Neurological symptoms can include trembling hands, trouble concentrating, and memory impairment. Often there is also a feeling of cold, even in warm conditions, and excessive sweating. Some patients have changes in heart rhythm, such as tachycardia (increased heart rate) or bradycardia (slow heart rate), which can be an early sign of the disease.

Due to the non-specificity of these symptoms, thyroid diseases can be confused with other ailments. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor for appropriate tests if symptoms such as weight changes, fatigue or skin problems appear. At Mediss Medical Clinic in Gdańsk Wrzeszcz, we offer comprehensive diagnostics that allow for early detection and treatment of thyroid diseases.

Thyroid diseases – skin and neurological symptoms

Thyroid disease can lead to a variety of skin symptoms, such as dryness, flaking of the skin, pigmentation changes, and hair loss. Neurological symptoms include problems with memory, concentration, as well as trembling hands or a feeling of anxiety.

How are thyroid diseases treated?

Treatment of thyroid disease depends on the specific diagnosis. In the case of hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone supplementation is used, while in hyperthyroidism, antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine or surgery may be used. Mediss Medical Clinic offers comprehensive treatment tailored to the individual needs of the patient.

Thyroid diseases – thyroid diet

Diet plays an important role in the management of thyroid disease. It is worth taking care of an adequate supply of iodine, selenium, and avoid products that affect the metabolism of thyroid hormones, such as soy or excess brassicas.

Effects of thyroid gland on kidney and liver disease

Abnormal thyroid function can affect other organs, such as the kidneys and liver. Hypothyroidism can lead to disorders in fat and cholesterol metabolism, while hyperthyroidism can lead to problems with electrolyte balance.

Thyroid disease and coronavirus (COVID-19)

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the health of people with thyroid disease. There is evidence that the virus can exacerbate the symptoms of thyroid disease or affect their treatment. Patients should monitor their health regularly and consult their doctor if they develop new symptoms.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

• What are the most common symptoms of thyroid disease?

The most common symptoms are weight changes, chronic fatigue, mood disorders, skin problems and menstrual cycle disorders in women.

• Are thyroid diseases hereditary?

Yes, thyroid diseases are often genetic and can be inherited in the family.

• What tests are performed in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases?

Diagnostics include blood tests, thyroid ultrasound, and sometimes a biopsy.

• What are the effects of untreated hyperthyroidism?

Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart problems, osteoporosis, and in extreme cases, thyroid crisis.

• Can thyroid disease be cured completely?

Treatment for thyroid disease is usually long-term and involves controlling symptoms and maintaining hormonal balance, but in many cases it is possible to achieve a stabilisation of the condition.

If you notice any disturbing symptoms, we encourage you to consult our specialists at Mediss Medical Clinic in Gdańsk Wrzeszcz. We’re here to help you manage your thyroid health and provide you with the best care possible.